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Obstetrics and Gynecology is a broad medical specialty—commonly known as “OB-GYN”—that covers every stage of women’s reproductive health, from adolescence through postmenopause. Topics ranging from menstrual irregularities to prenatal care, from ovarian cysts to menopause, and from infertility treatment to gynecologic cancer screenings all fall within the scope of this specialty. Many people wonder, “Should I see an OB-GYN?” when they experience a symptom. One of the most common questions asked by women visiting our clinic is exactly what this specialty covers. In this guide, we discuss in detail the main diseases and conditions that an obstetrician-gynecologist addresses.
Who Is an Obstetrician-Gynecologist, and What Do They Do?
An OB-GYN is a physician who, after graduating from medical school, completes residency training in this field to become qualified in the health of the female reproductive system, as well as the processes of pregnancy and childbirth. Their scope of practice includes both monitoring healthy periods and diagnosing and treating diseases. This specialty provides comprehensive healthcare that accompanies women throughout their lives.
Obstetrics is generally divided into four main areas of practice:
- Gynecology: Diseases of the Female Reproductive Organs and General Reproductive Health
- Obstetrics (Pregnancy and Childbirth): Prenatal Care, Childbirth, and the Postpartum Period
- Reproductive Health and In Vitro Fertilization: Infertility Treatment and Family Planning
- Gynecologic Oncology: Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Cancers of the Female Reproductive Organs
This broad scope means that an obstetrician is more than just a doctor who specializes in pregnancy. Women of all ages—from those experiencing menstrual irregularities during adolescence to those managing the postmenopausal period—may seek care from this specialist for a variety of needs.
Gynecology: What Conditions Are Treated in Women’s Reproductive Health?
Gynecology is the field that studies the health and diseases of the female reproductive organs (uterus, ovaries, cervix, and vagina). The most common reasons for seeking care from an obstetrician-gynecologist fall under this category.
Menstrual Irregularities
Irregularities in the menstrual cycle are among the most common complaints reported by women. Menstrual periods that occur too frequently or too infrequently, periods with excessive bleeding, bleeding between periods, or severe menstrual cramps (dysmenorrhea) are conditions that require evaluation. These irregularities may be caused by hormonal imbalances, thyroid problems, fibroids, or various gynecological conditions. To determine the cause, a physician’s examination is conducted, along with hormone tests and an ultrasound evaluation as needed.
Vaginal Infections and Vaginal Discharge Symptoms
Symptoms such as itching, burning, or a foul-smelling or discolored discharge may indicate a fungal, bacterial, or other infection. Although these types of symptoms are common, self-medication is not the right approach; treatment administered without determining the type of infection may temporarily suppress the problem but may not provide a permanent solution. An examination and, if necessary, laboratory testing are recommended for an accurate diagnosis.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a common hormonal condition in women of reproductive age. It can present with symptoms such as irregular periods, excessive hair growth, acne, difficulty managing weight, and difficulty conceiving. A diagnosis of PCOS is made by evaluating the patient’s medical history, hormone test results, and ultrasound findings together. The treatment approach is determined on an individual basis, depending on the patient’s symptoms and pregnancy plans.
Fibroids, Cysts, and Endometriosis
Fibroids—benign muscle growths that develop in the uterus—cysts that can form in the ovaries, and endometriosis, which occurs when the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, are common conditions addressed in gynecology. These conditions are sometimes detected during routine checkups without any symptoms, while at other times they present with pain, irregular bleeding, or difficulty conceiving. The decision to monitor or treat is made based on the size, location, and symptoms of the condition.
Menopause and the Postmenopausal Period
Menopause is a stage of life in which a woman’s reproductive years naturally come to an end. Hot flashes, night sweats, sleep disturbances, and mood swings may accompany this period. In the postmenopausal period, bone health (risk of osteoporosis) and heart health are also important issues that need to be assessed. The goal in managing this period is to maintain a woman’s quality of life.
Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Issues
Pelvic floor issues, such as involuntary urine leakage (urinary incontinence) during coughing, laughing, or straining, and uterine prolapse, can occur particularly in women who have given birth and in postmenopausal women. Although these symptoms can significantly affect quality of life, many women may avoid discussing them due to embarrassment. However, with proper evaluation, significant progress can be made in managing these conditions.
From our Obstetrics and Gynecology Department: One of the most common situations we encounter at our clinic is women putting off addressing their gynecological symptoms for a long time, assuming they’ll “go away.” However, symptoms such as irregular periods, spotting, or persistent discharge can sometimes indicate a simple issue, and other times a condition that requires follow-up. Having a routine gynecological checkup once a year is the most effective way to detect problems before they cause symptoms.
Obstetrics: Pregnancy and Childbirth
Obstetrics covers the entire process from the beginning of pregnancy through the postpartum period. This field, in which the health of both the mother and the baby is monitored together, is the best-known aspect of obstetrics.
Prenatal Care
A healthy pregnancy is managed through regular checkups. During prenatal care, both the mother’s health (blood pressure, weight, blood test results) and the baby’s development are monitored at regular intervals. These checkups are important for identifying potential risks early on and taking the necessary precautions in a timely manner. Ultrasound examinations performed throughout pregnancy are a key tool for assessing the baby’s development.
Prenatal Screening Tests
Screening tests performed at specific weeks during pregnancy provide information about the baby’s health. These include the dual, triple, and quadruple screening tests, as well as detailed ultrasound examinations. These tests are not diagnostic tests; they are performed for the purpose of risk assessment. The interpretation of the results and the planning of next steps are carried out by the physician.
Vaginal Birth and Cesarean Section
The method of delivery is determined based on the health of the mother and baby, the course of the pregnancy, and the results of a medical evaluation. Both vaginal delivery and cesarean section are safe methods of delivery when performed under appropriate medical indications. A birth plan is evaluated individually for each pregnancy, and it cannot be said that a single method is suitable for everyone. It is important to maintain open communication with your doctor during the decision-making process.
High-Risk Pregnancies
Conditions such as advanced maternal age, multiple pregnancies, gestational diabetes, high blood pressure, or a history of chronic illness can classify a pregnancy as “high-risk.” These pregnancies require more frequent and close monitoring. Early and regular monitoring makes the process safer for both the mother and the baby.
Reproductive Health, Infertility, and In Vitro Fertilization
Another important area of obstetrics is reproductive health and the evaluation of couples experiencing difficulty conceiving. Generally, if pregnancy does not occur within one year despite regular intercourse, an infertility evaluation is recommended. For women over the age of 35, this timeframe may be shorter.
In infertility evaluations, both female and male factors are examined together. Ovulation patterns, the condition of the fallopian tubes, uterine structure, and hormonal balance are assessed. Depending on the results of the evaluation, treatment options such as ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination (IUI), or in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be considered. The treatment plan is tailored to each couple’s specific situation, and outcomes may vary from person to person.
Family planning is also part of this topic. Counseling on birth control methods and determining the method best suited to an individual’s health and lifestyle are addressed within this scope.
Gynecologic Cancers and Screening Programs
One of the most critical areas of obstetrics and gynecology is the early diagnosis of cancers affecting the female reproductive organs. Cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer fall into this category. Since some of these cancers may not present symptoms in the early stages, regular screening is of great importance.
As part of the national screening program conducted by the Ministry of Health in Turkey, cervical cancer screening is performed every five years for women aged 30–65 using HPV-DNA and Pap smear tests. Cervical cancer is a disease that can be detected during its precancerous stage through regular screening and managed with early intervention. For this reason, participation in screening programs is of vital importance.
The basic steps of cervical cancer screening are generally as follows:
- Women in the appropriate age range should contact the relevant healthcare facility for screening.
- During the exam, a cell sample (smear) is taken from the cervix.
- The sample is tested for HPV DNA and examined cytologically.
- The results are evaluated by the doctor.
- If necessary, further examination (colposcopy) or follow-up is scheduled.
Breast cancer screening is also an integral part of women’s health. Under the national program, mammograms are recommended every two years for women aged 40–69; monthly self-exams and regular clinical breast exams are also recommended starting at age 20. In breast evaluation, radiological examinations and, when necessary, coordinated work with other departments are crucial. For imaging examinations: Our Radiology Department provides services.
For women who want to plan their regular health checkups as a comprehensive program Our Check-Up Programs It also includes assessments related to women's health.
From our Obstetrics and Gynecology Department: The most common misconception we encounter regarding cervical cancer screening is the belief that “if there are no symptoms, screening isn’t necessary.” However, the most insidious aspect of this type of cancer is that it generally causes no symptoms in its early stages. This is precisely why Pap smears and HPV tests should be performed regularly within the recommended age range, even if you have no symptoms. Early diagnosis is the most important factor directly influencing treatment success.
How Is a Gynecological Exam Performed?
A gynecological exam is a process that makes many women feel anxious when they go for the first time. Knowing how the exam proceeds can help ease this anxiety. In general, the exam involves the following steps:
- Patient history: The patient is asked about symptoms, menstrual history, pregnancy history, surgical history, and medications currently being taken.
- Overall assessment: Blood pressure is measured and a general physical examination is performed when deemed necessary.
- Gynecological examination: A pelvic exam is performed as needed; a Pap smear may be taken during the exam if necessary.
- Ultrasound examination: Ultrasound can be used to evaluate the uterus and ovaries.
- Additional tests: Depending on the situation, hormone tests or laboratory tests may be ordered.
To ensure the process goes smoothly, it is important to avoid scheduling your appointment during your menstrual period, and if a Pap test is planned, to follow specific guidelines beforehand. It is recommended that you discuss any concerns you may have with your doctor during the examination.
When Should You See an OB-GYN?
Many women only consider seeing an obstetrician when they have a specific complaint. However, this specialty is one that people turn to not only when there is a problem but also for preventive health care. It is recommended that you consult a specialist in the following situations:
- Menstrual irregularities: Very frequent, very infrequent, excessively heavy, or extremely painful periods
- Intermenstrual bleeding: Bleeding outside the menstrual period or after intercourse
- Persistent discharge, itching, or burning complaints
- Suspected pregnancy or planned pregnancy
- Difficulty getting pregnant (after a one-year trial period)
- Menopause symptoms and the administration of this period
- Routine gynecological checkups and screenings need
If you experience these symptoms, seek emergency care immediately: Heavy bleeding or water breaking during pregnancy, sudden and severe abdominal or groin pain, pelvic pain accompanied by a high fever, or a feeling of faintness are conditions that require immediate evaluation. If you experience any of these symptoms, you should go to the emergency department at the nearest healthcare facility.
To schedule an evaluation of your reproductive health, discuss any current symptoms, or schedule your routine checkup, Our Obstetrics and Gynecology Department You can easily apply through the online appointment system.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
When should you see an OB-GYN for the first time?
There is no specific age limit for seeing an obstetrician-gynecologist; you can seek care even for issues such as irregular periods during adolescence. Routine gynecological checkups are recommended for sexually active women and individuals aged 21 and older. Additionally, you can see a gynecologist regardless of age if you are planning a pregnancy, experiencing menstrual problems, or have any other gynecological concerns. Even in the absence of symptoms, regular checkups are valuable for preventive health care.
Are gynecological exams performed on people who are not sexually active?
Yes, people who are not sexually active can also see an obstetrician-gynecologist. In such cases, the examination is conducted using methods appropriate to the individual’s situation; alternative assessments, such as an ultrasound, may be preferred instead of a pelvic exam. In cases where an examination is necessary for irregular periods, pain, or hormonal symptoms, your doctor will determine the most appropriate approach for you. It is recommended that you discuss any concerns you may have on this matter before the examination.
How often should a Pap test be done?
As part of the national screening program, cervical cancer screening is performed every 5 years for women aged 30–65 using HPV-DNA and Pap smear tests. However, depending on your personal risk factors, your doctor may recommend a different follow-up plan. Avoiding the test during your menstrual period and following specific recommendations will help ensure the results are interpreted accurately. The results must always be interpreted by a specialist.
How often should you go for prenatal checkups?
The frequency of prenatal checkups varies depending on the stage of pregnancy and the level of risk. In a healthy pregnancy, checkups are generally scheduled at specific intervals and become more frequent as the pregnancy progresses. High-risk pregnancies may require more frequent monitoring. Your doctor will determine the specific follow-up schedule based on the course of your pregnancy. Attending regular checkups is important to ensure the pregnancy progresses safely.
Are obstetric services covered by private health insurance?
Sana Medical Center has agreements with many private health insurance providers. Insurance coverage for obstetric services may vary depending on the terms of your policy and the type of procedure. When you provide your insurance information while scheduling an appointment, you can inquire about your coverage status or contact us directly. This will allow you to plan the process in accordance with your insurance coverage.
Are obstetrics and gynecology the same thing?
Gynecology is the field that deals with diseases of the female reproductive organs; obstetrics, on the other hand, covers the processes of pregnancy and childbirth. In Turkey, these two fields are combined under a single specialty known as “Obstetrics and Gynecology.” In other words, an obstetrician-gynecologist deals with both gynecological conditions and prenatal care. This comprehensive approach ensures that a woman’s needs at different stages of her life are addressed under a single specialty.
Expert Support for Every Woman at Every Stage of Her Life
Obstetrics and Gynecology is not a field limited solely to pregnancy; it is a comprehensive specialty that encompasses a woman’s entire life, from adolescence through postmenopause. It addresses every aspect of women’s health across a broad spectrum, ranging from menstrual irregularities to prenatal care, and from infertility treatment to gynecologic cancer screenings.
The most important message to take away from this guide is this: You don’t necessarily need to have symptoms to see an obstetrician-gynecologist. Since some conditions, such as cervical cancer, may not show symptoms in the early stages, regular screening and routine checkups are the foundation of preventive health. Early diagnosis is the most critical factor directly determining treatment success in many gynecological conditions.
The second important takeaway: Many symptoms that women are hesitant to discuss or put off, thinking they’ll “go away,” are actually conditions that can be resolved or monitored with a simple evaluation. Don’t hesitate to consult a specialist when you experience a symptom or when it’s time for your routine checkup.
Sana Medical Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Sultanbeyli
Sana Medical Center, located in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul, offers a wide range of services through its Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit—from gynecological examinations to prenatal care, and from screening tests to menopause management. With our experienced medical staff and modern diagnostic facilities, we provide comprehensive care for women at every stage of their lives.
With our modern ultrasound equipment and laboratory facilities, the entire process—from examination and screening to follow-up—can be conducted at a single location. To see which doctors practice in which specialties and choose the specialist that’s right for you, Our doctors You can visit the page.
Many women from Sultanbeyli and the surrounding areas—including Pendik, Ümraniye, Kartal, and Tuzla—come to our hospital for gynecological checkups, prenatal care, and screening services. Located in a central location on the Asian side of Istanbul, our hospital has agreements with many private health insurance providers; you can plan your care in accordance with your insurance coverage.
To schedule an obstetric appointment or plan your routine gynecological checkup through your private health insurance, our online appointment system You can use it or contact us.
This content, Sana Medical Center specialist physician staff in line with current medical literature and clinical experience. It is intended for general information purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. For individual assessment appointment with our specialist physicians is recommended.