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Glaucoma is an insidious eye disease, commonly known as “eye pressure,” and one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Its most significant characteristic is that it often progresses without any symptoms; many people do not realize they have the disease until vision loss begins. For this reason, glaucoma is referred to as the “silent thief” in medical literature. In patients who visit our eye clinic, elevated eye pressure is often detected incidentally during a routine examination conducted for another complaint. In this article, we discuss in detail what glaucoma is, what symptoms it presents with, who is at risk, and the treatment options available. We also explain why early diagnosis is critical in this disease.
What Is Glaucoma (Eyes Pressure)?
Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease in which elevated intraocular pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. Over time, it can lead to a narrowing of the visual field and, if left untreated, permanent vision loss. Because it usually develops slowly, it often does not cause symptoms for a long time, which is why early diagnosis is crucial.
The optic nerve is the structure that transmits the image formed in the eye to the brain. Vision loss resulting from damage to this nerve is irreversible. This is the most critical aspect of glaucoma: lost vision cannot be restored, but with early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, remaining vision can be preserved and the progression of the disease can be slowed.
Why Does Intraocular Pressure Rise?
The eye continuously produces a clear fluid called aqueous humor in its anterior chamber. This fluid nourishes the eye and is then drained out through a natural drainage system called the trabecular meshwork. Thanks to the balance between production and drainage, intraocular pressure remains within the normal range.
When a blockage or structural defect occurs in this drainage system, the fluid cannot drain properly and accumulates inside the eye. The buildup of fluid raises intraocular pressure; over time, sustained high pressure damages the optic nerve. This process usually progresses silently.
It is important to note that intraocular pressure may not be elevated in every case of glaucoma. In some patients, the optic nerve may be damaged even though intraocular pressure is within normal limits. This is called normal-tension glaucoma. This situation demonstrates that a glaucoma diagnosis should be based not only on pressure measurements but also on a comprehensive eye examination.
What Are the Types of Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is not a single disease, but a group of diseases comprising different types. Its symptoms and progression vary depending on the type.
Open-Angle Glaucoma
This is the most common type of glaucoma. Although the eye’s drainage angle remains open, fluid cannot be drained adequately due to structural changes in the trabecular meshwork. It progresses slowly and painlessly; it often causes no symptoms for a long time. Because the narrowing of the visual field progresses from the periphery toward the center, the patient usually does not notice the condition until it has reached an advanced stage.
Angle-Closure (Narrow-Angle) Glaucoma
This is a less common type of glaucoma that can develop suddenly. When the drainage angle suddenly closes, intraocular pressure rises rapidly, leading to a medical emergency known as an acute glaucoma attack. Severe eye and headache, blurred vision, seeing halos around lights, redness in the eye, nausea, and vomiting are symptoms of this crisis. This condition requires immediate medical attention.
Normal-Tension Glaucoma
This is a condition in which the optic nerve is damaged even though intraocular pressure is within the normal range. Although the exact cause is unknown, it is believed that problems with blood flow to the optic nerve play a role. The diagnosis is made through a comprehensive eye examination and visual field testing.
Congenital Glaucoma
This is a rare condition present from birth in infants, caused by a developmental abnormality of the drainage system. Symptoms in infants may include enlarged eyes, excessive tearing, sensitivity to light, and eyelid spasms. Early diagnosis is important for the child’s visual development.
Secondary Glaucoma
This is a type of glaucoma that develops due to another cause. Eye trauma, long-term use of corticosteroids, advanced cataracts, or other eye diseases can lead to this condition. Treatment addresses both the underlying cause and the elevated intraocular pressure.
What Are the Symptoms of Glaucoma?
The symptoms of glaucoma vary greatly depending on the type. This variation explains why the disease can be so insidious.
In open-angle glaucoma In the early stages, there are usually no symptoms. As the disease progresses, loss of peripheral vision begins first. While the central field of vision remains clear when the person looks straight ahead, the peripheral field gradually narrows. In advanced stages, this can lead to a narrow field of vision known as tunnel vision. Because the symptoms develop slowly, the patient often does not notice the condition.
In an acute angle-closure glaucoma attack In such cases, the symptoms are sudden and severe. The following table indicates a need for urgent evaluation:
If you experience these symptoms, seek emergency care immediately: Sudden and severe eye pain, blurred vision, seeing halos around light sources, noticeable redness in the eye, and nausea and vomiting accompanied by a headache may be symptoms of an acute glaucoma attack. Since this condition carries a risk of permanent damage to the optic nerve, you should seek immediate care at the emergency department of the nearest medical facility.
As a general precaution, if you experience symptoms such as occasional eye pain, blurred vision, or seeing halos around lights, it is recommended that you consult an eye specialist. These symptoms may indicate a narrow-angle condition.
Glaucoma Risk Group: Who Should Be Aware?
Glaucoma can affect anyone, but some people are at higher risk. The presence of risk factors does not mean the disease will definitely develop; it simply indicates that closer monitoring is necessary. The main risk factors are as follows:
- Being 40 years of age or older: Age is a significant factor in the development of glaucoma, and the risk increases with age.
- Family history of glaucoma: Genetic predisposition significantly increases the risk of glaucoma.
- High intraocular pressure: It is the most important treatable risk factor.
- Diabetes and high blood pressure: These diseases, which affect vascular health, can damage the optic nerve.
- High myopia or hyperopia: The risk may be higher in people with severe refractive errors.
- Long-term use of cortisone: Long-term use of corticosteroid eye drops or medications can increase intraocular pressure.
- History of eye trauma: Previous eye injuries can disrupt fluid flow.
Monitoring systemic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure is also important for eye health. To manage these diseases, Internal Medicine Unit A coordinated approach can be adopted.
From Our Ophthalmology Unit: We often give the following advice to patients with a family history of elevated intraocular pressure: Since glaucoma can have a genetic component, it is advisable for individuals with first-degree relatives who have glaucoma to begin regular eye exams before reaching the age of 40. Early changes in the optic nerve can be detected using imaging techniques even before the disease shows any symptoms. This provides an opportunity to start treatment early.
How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?
A diagnosis of glaucoma is based not on a single test, but on a comprehensive examination that assesses various aspects of the eye. Elevated or normal intraocular pressure alone is not sufficient for a diagnosis. The following methods are generally used during the diagnostic process:
- Intraocular pressure measurement (tonometry): Intraocular pressure is measured; the applanation tonometer is a reliable method.
- Eye exam: The head of the optic nerve is examined to determine whether there is any damage.
- Visual field test: It is performed to detect and monitor losses in peripheral vision.
- OCT (optical coherence tomography): Early damage can be detected by measuring the thickness of the optic nerve fiber layer.
- Corneal thickness measurement (pachymetry): It helps with the accurate interpretation of intraocular pressure readings.
- Assessment of the drainage angle (gonoscopy): It helps determine whether glaucoma is open-angle or closed-angle.
These findings are interpreted together to establish a diagnosis and determine the type of glaucoma. An accurate diagnosis is important for developing a treatment plan tailored to the individual.
How Is Glaucoma Treated?
The primary goal of glaucoma treatment is to halt the progression of damage to the optic nerve and preserve existing vision by lowering intraocular pressure. Since lost vision cannot be restored, treatment focuses on preserving the remaining vision. The treatment approach is determined on an individual basis depending on the type and stage of glaucoma, as well as the patient’s overall health.
Eye Drops
The first step in glaucoma treatment is usually eye drops that lower intraocular pressure. These drops control pressure by either reducing fluid production or increasing drainage. The most critical aspect of eye drop treatment is consistency; using the drops exactly as prescribed by the doctor, without missing a dose, directly affects the success of the treatment. Since there are no symptoms, patients may occasionally neglect to use the drops, but this can lead to the disease progressing silently.
Laser Treatments
Laser treatments may be used when eye drop therapy is insufficient or in cases where it is deemed appropriate. In open-angle glaucoma, laser trabeculoplasty can improve the drainage system’s ability to clear fluid. In angle-closure or narrow-angle glaucoma, laser iridotomy is performed to create a small opening in the iris, thereby facilitating the flow of aqueous humor. In an acute glaucoma attack, laser iridotomy may be part of emergency treatment.
Surgical Methods
When eye drops and laser treatments are insufficient, surgical options are considered. Trabeculectomy, the traditional method, aims to create a new drainage pathway for the fluid inside the eye. In addition, drainage implants (shunts) placed inside the eye and less invasive MIGS (minimally invasive glaucoma surgery) methods may also be used. The physician determines which method is appropriate based on the characteristics of the patient’s eye.
Regardless of the treatment method, glaucoma is a chronic condition and requires regular follow-up. Treatment outcomes may vary from person to person.
From Our Ophthalmology Unit: The most common challenge we face with our glaucoma patients is irregular use of eye drops. Since the patient feels well, they may think, “It’s okay if I skip the eye drops for a while.” However, eye pressure drops, just like blood pressure medications, are treatments that must be used regularly even when there are no symptoms. Missing just one dose can cause eye pressure to rise again.
Living with Glaucoma: Follow-Up and Recommendations
Glaucoma is a chronic condition that, when properly managed, allows a person to maintain their vision for many years. After diagnosis, the progression of the disease is monitored through regular checkups. Intraocular pressure, visual field, and the condition of the optic nerve are assessed at regular intervals. This follow-up helps determine whether the treatment is effective and whether the disease is progressing.
A healthy lifestyle also supports eye health. Avoiding smoking, keeping conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure under control, and not skipping regular eye exams are integral parts of glaucoma management. If you want to plan your general health checkups as a whole, Our Check-Up Programs You can take advantage of the evaluations included in this program.
The most effective “treatment” for glaucoma is early diagnosis. Regular eye exams and intraocular pressure measurements after age 40 are the most reliable way to detect the disease before symptoms appear. To have your intraocular pressure checked or to schedule your routine eye exam, To Our Ophthalmology Unit You can apply through the online appointment system.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Can high eye pressure (glaucoma) be treated?
Glaucoma is a chronic disease, and while it cannot be completely cured, it can be managed with treatment. The goal of treatment is to stop the progression of damage to the optic nerve by lowering intraocular pressure and to preserve existing vision. When diagnosed early, the progression of the disease can be significantly slowed through eye drops, laser treatment, or surgery. Since lost vision cannot be restored, early diagnosis is crucial. Follow-up care must be provided by a specialist.
Does glaucoma lead to permanent blindness?
Glaucoma is a serious disease that, if left untreated, can lead to vision loss and, in advanced stages, blindness. However, this risk can be significantly reduced with early diagnosis and regular treatment. Since damage to the optic nerve is irreversible, it is crucial to detect the disease in its early stages and to continue treatment without interruption. Regular eye exams are the most effective step in preventing the risk of blindness.
Is measuring eye pressure painful?
No, measuring intraocular pressure is a painless procedure. Depending on the method used, you may feel a slight touch on your eye, but it does not cause discomfort. The procedure is completed in a few minutes. With some methods, anesthetic eye drops are applied, so the patient does not feel anything. This measurement is an important diagnostic tool for the early detection of glaucoma.
Can someone with high eye pressure stop using eye drops?
Eye pressure drops should not be discontinued unless recommended by a doctor. The absence of symptoms does not mean the condition is under control; if use of the drops is stopped, intraocular pressure may rise again and damage to the optic nerve may progress. Eye drop treatment requires a consistent and ongoing approach. Decisions regarding dosage or medication changes should be made only by a doctor.
Can glaucoma occur at a young age?
Although glaucoma is most commonly seen in people over the age of 40, it can also occur in younger individuals and even infants. Congenital glaucoma, secondary glaucoma resulting from eye trauma, and a family history of the condition can all lead to glaucoma at a young age. For this reason, young people with a family history of glaucoma are also advised to undergo regular eye exams. Regardless of age, you should consult a specialist if you experience any symptoms.
Is glaucoma screening and treatment covered by insurance?
Sana Medical Center has agreements with many private health insurance providers. Insurance coverage for eye exams and glaucoma treatment may vary depending on the terms of your policy and the specific procedure to be performed. When you provide your insurance information while scheduling an appointment, you can inquire about your coverage status or contact our hospital directly. This will allow you to plan your treatment process in accordance with your insurance coverage.
Early Diagnosis Is the Key to Preserving Your Vision
Glaucoma is a disease that can silently progress and lead to vision loss, but can be managed if diagnosed early. The most important message to take away from this content is this: Intraocular pressure often causes no symptoms, and patients do not realize they have the condition until vision loss begins. Since damage to the optic nerve is irreversible, early diagnosis is the only effective way to protect your vision.
The second important finding is that regular follow-up and adherence to treatment are crucial. Glaucoma is a chronic condition; consistent use of eye drops and regular follow-up visits are the most critical factors in halting the progression of the disease.
So when should you see an eye doctor? Even if you have no symptoms, getting an annual eye exam after age 40 is the most reliable way to detect high eye pressure early. If there is a family history of glaucoma, it is recommended that you start these checkups earlier. If you experience symptoms such as sudden eye pain, blurred vision, or seeing halos around lights, you should seek medical attention immediately.
Sana Medical Center for Glaucoma (Eyes Pressure) in Sultanbeyli
The Ophthalmology Unit at Sana Medical Center, located in Sultanbeyli, Istanbul, evaluates and monitors a wide range of eye conditions—particularly glaucoma—using intraocular pressure measurements, visual field tests, and advanced imaging techniques. With our experienced medical staff and state-of-the-art examination facilities, we provide comprehensive care for your eye health.
Since early diagnosis of glaucoma requires regular checkups, the entire process—from initial examination to screening and follow-up—can be conducted at a single center. To see which of our doctors provide these services, Our doctors You can visit the page.
Many patients from Sultanbeyli and the surrounding areas—including Pendik, Ümraniye, Kartal, and Tuzla—come to our hospital for eye exams and glaucoma follow-up care. Located in a central area on the Asian side of Istanbul, we have agreements with many private health insurance providers.
To schedule an eye exam or plan your glaucoma checkup through your private health insurance, our online appointment system You can use it or contact our hospital.
This content, Sana Medical Center specialist physician staff in line with current medical literature and clinical experience. It is intended for general information purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. For individual assessment appointment with our specialist physicians is recommended.